Beef Energy Input Vs Output 50 to 1
ABSTRACT
Worldwide, an estimated 2 billion people live primarily on a meat-based nutrition, while an estimated iv billion alive primarily on a found-based diet. The US nutrient production system uses about 50% of the total The states land area, lxxx% of the fresh water, and 17% of the fossil energy used in the country. The heavy dependence on fossil energy suggests that the U.s.a. food organization, whether meat-based or institute-based, is not sustainable. The use of land and energy resources devoted to an average meat-based diet compared with a lactoovovegetarian (establish-based) diet is analyzed in this written report. In both diets, the daily quantity of calories consumed are kept constant at nigh 3533 kcal per person. The meat-based food arrangement requires more energy, land, and water resources than the lactoovovegetarian diet. In this limited sense, the lactoovovegetarian diet is more than sustainable than the average American meat-based diet.
INTRODUCTION
Worldwide, an estimated 2 billion people live primarily on a meat-based diet, while an estimated iv billion live primarily on a plant-based diet. The shortages of cropland, fresh water, and energy resources require virtually of the iv billion people to live on a plant-based diet. The World Health System recently reported that more than three billion people are malnourished (1, 2). This is the largest number and proportion of malnourished people e'er recorded in history. In large measure, the food shortage and malnourishment problem is primarily related to rapid population growth in the earth plus the declining per capita availability of land, water, and energy resources (3).
Like the earth population, the US population continues to abound rapidly. The Usa population doubled in the past 60 y and is projected to double once again in the next seventy y (four) ( Effigy i). The US food product system uses virtually 50% of the total U.s. land surface area, approximately fourscore% of the fresh water, and 17% of the fossil free energy used in the country (3). The heavy dependence on fossil energy suggests that the United states food system, whether meat-based or constitute-based, is non sustainable. The use of land and energy resources devoted to an boilerplate meat-based diet compared with a lactoovovegetarian (plant-based) diet is analyzed in this study. In both diets, the daily quantity of calories consumed was kept constant at about 3533 kcal per person.
Figure 1.
Projection of The states population growth in the adjacent lxx y (four).
FIGURE ane.
Projection of Usa population growth in the next 70 y (iv).
LACTOOVOVEGETARIAN DIET
The lactoovovegetarian diet was selected for this analysis because nigh vegetarians are on this or some modified version of this nutrition. In improver, the American Middle Association reported that the lactoovovegetarian diet enables individuals to run across bones nutrient needs (v).
A comparing of the calorie and nutrient consumption of a lactoovovegetarian diet and a meat-based nutrition is provided in Tabular array ane. In the lactoovovegetarian nutrition, the meat and fish calories were replaced past proportionately increasing nearly other foods consumed in Table 1 in the vegetarian nutrition except carbohydrate and sweeteners, fats, and vegetable oils. The full weight of food consumed was slightly higher (1002 kg per year) in the lactoovovegetarian diet than in the meat-based nutrition (995 kg per year). The nigh food calories consumed in both diets were associated with nutrient grains, and the 2nd largest corporeality of calories consumed was from sugar and sweeteners.
TABLE 1
Per capita food consumption, energy, and protein of foods of a meat-based compared with a lactoovovegetarian nutrition in the Us
| Nutrient | Meat-based diet 1 | Free energy | Protein | Lactoovovegetarian nutrition 2 | Free energy | Poly peptide |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| kg | kcal | g | kg | kcal | g | |
| Food grain | 114 | 849 | 24.ix | 152 | 1132 | 33.ii |
| Pulses (legumes) | 4.3 | forty | 2.0 | 7.5 | 70 | iv.5 |
| Vegetables | 239 | 147 | 6.6 | 286 | 155 | eight.8 |
| Oil crops | 6 | 71 | 3.0 | 8 | 95 | 4.0 |
| Fruit | 109 | 122 | 1.4 | 112 | 122 | 1.9 |
| Meat | 124 | 452 | 41.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Fish | 20.iii | 28 | four.7 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Dairy products | 256 | 385 | 22.5 | 307.1 | 473 | 30.0 |
| Eggs | 14.5 | 55 | iv.ii | 19.2 | 73 | 5.6 |
| Vegetable oils | 24 | 548 | 0.2 | 25 | 570 | 0.two |
| Animal fats | 6.7 | 127 | 0.1 | half-dozen.7 | 127 | 0.1 |
| Sugar and sweeteners | 74 | 686 | 0.2 | 74 | 686 | 0.two |
| Nuts | 3.ane | 23 | 0.half-dozen | iv.0 | 30 | 0.eight |
| Total | 994.nine | 3533 | 111.5 | 1001.5 | 3533 | 89.3 |
| Feed grains iii | 816.0 | — | — | 450.0 | — | — |
| Food | Meat-based nutrition 1 | Energy | Protein | Lactoovovegetarian nutrition two | Free energy | Protein |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| kg | kcal | m | kg | kcal | g | |
| Food grain | 114 | 849 | 24.9 | 152 | 1132 | 33.2 |
| Pulses (legumes) | 4.3 | forty | 2.0 | 7.5 | 70 | 4.5 |
| Vegetables | 239 | 147 | half-dozen.six | 286 | 155 | 8.8 |
| Oil crops | half dozen | 71 | iii.0 | eight | 95 | 4.0 |
| Fruit | 109 | 122 | one.4 | 112 | 122 | ane.9 |
| Meat | 124 | 452 | 41.ane | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Fish | 20.3 | 28 | 4.7 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Dairy products | 256 | 385 | 22.v | 307.ane | 473 | 30.0 |
| Eggs | fourteen.5 | 55 | 4.two | 19.two | 73 | five.6 |
| Vegetable oils | 24 | 548 | 0.2 | 25 | 570 | 0.2 |
| Animate being fats | six.7 | 127 | 0.1 | six.7 | 127 | 0.1 |
| Carbohydrate and sweeteners | 74 | 686 | 0.ii | 74 | 686 | 0.ii |
| Basics | 3.1 | 23 | 0.6 | 4.0 | 30 | 0.8 |
| Total | 994.9 | 3533 | 111.5 | 1001.5 | 3533 | 89.3 |
| Feed grains 3 | 816.0 | — | — | 450.0 | — | — |
1 Information from FAOSTAT (6).
two Estimated.
3 Feed grains are cereal grains fed to livestock.
TABLE 1
Per capita nutrient consumption, energy, and poly peptide of foods of a meat-based compared with a lactoovovegetarian diet in the United states of america
| Food | Meat-based diet 1 | Energy | Poly peptide | Lactoovovegetarian nutrition ii | Energy | Poly peptide |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| kg | kcal | g | kg | kcal | g | |
| Food grain | 114 | 849 | 24.9 | 152 | 1132 | 33.2 |
| Pulses (legumes) | 4.3 | forty | 2.0 | seven.5 | 70 | 4.v |
| Vegetables | 239 | 147 | 6.half-dozen | 286 | 155 | 8.8 |
| Oil crops | 6 | 71 | 3.0 | 8 | 95 | four.0 |
| Fruit | 109 | 122 | 1.iv | 112 | 122 | 1.9 |
| Meat | 124 | 452 | 41.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Fish | twenty.3 | 28 | four.7 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Dairy products | 256 | 385 | 22.5 | 307.ane | 473 | xxx.0 |
| Eggs | 14.5 | 55 | 4.2 | 19.2 | 73 | 5.6 |
| Vegetable oils | 24 | 548 | 0.2 | 25 | 570 | 0.2 |
| Animate being fats | 6.7 | 127 | 0.one | 6.seven | 127 | 0.one |
| Saccharide and sweeteners | 74 | 686 | 0.two | 74 | 686 | 0.2 |
| Nuts | 3.1 | 23 | 0.6 | 4.0 | thirty | 0.8 |
| Full | 994.9 | 3533 | 111.5 | 1001.5 | 3533 | 89.3 |
| Feed grains 3 | 816.0 | — | — | 450.0 | — | — |
| Food | Meat-based diet 1 | Free energy | Protein | Lactoovovegetarian diet 2 | Energy | Protein |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| kg | kcal | chiliad | kg | kcal | thou | |
| Food grain | 114 | 849 | 24.9 | 152 | 1132 | 33.ii |
| Pulses (legumes) | iv.3 | 40 | two.0 | vii.five | 70 | 4.5 |
| Vegetables | 239 | 147 | vi.vi | 286 | 155 | 8.8 |
| Oil crops | 6 | 71 | 3.0 | 8 | 95 | 4.0 |
| Fruit | 109 | 122 | one.4 | 112 | 122 | i.9 |
| Meat | 124 | 452 | 41.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Fish | 20.3 | 28 | four.7 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Dairy products | 256 | 385 | 22.5 | 307.1 | 473 | 30.0 |
| Eggs | 14.5 | 55 | 4.2 | 19.two | 73 | 5.6 |
| Vegetable oils | 24 | 548 | 0.two | 25 | 570 | 0.2 |
| Beast fats | vi.7 | 127 | 0.1 | 6.7 | 127 | 0.i |
| Sugar and sweeteners | 74 | 686 | 0.2 | 74 | 686 | 0.2 |
| Nuts | iii.1 | 23 | 0.vi | four.0 | xxx | 0.8 |
| Total | 994.ix | 3533 | 111.5 | 1001.5 | 3533 | 89.three |
| Feed grains 3 | 816.0 | — | — | 450.0 | — | — |
1 Data from FAOSTAT (6).
2 Estimated.
iii Feed grains are cereal grains fed to livestock.
The amount of feed grains used to produce the creature products (milk and eggs) consumed in the lactoovovegetarian diet was about half (450 kg) the amount of feed grains fed to the livestock (816 kg) to produce the animal products consumed in the meat-based diet (Table 1). This is expected because of the relatively big amount of animal products consumed in the meat-based diet (7). Less than 0.iv ha of cropland was used to produce the nutrient for the vegetarian-based nutrition, whereas virtually 0.5 ha of cropland was used in the meat-based diet (8). This reflects the larger amount of land needed to produce the meat-based diet (Tabular array 1).
The major fossil energy inputs for grain, vegetable, and forage product include fertilizers, agricultural machinery, fuel, irrigation, and pesticides (8, 9). The energy inputs vary according to the crops being grown (x). When these inputs are balanced confronting their free energy and poly peptide content, grains and some legumes, such equally soybeans, are produced more than efficiently in terms of energy inputs than vegetables, fruits, and animal products (8). In the The states, the average protein yield from a grain crop such every bit corn is 720 kg/ha (10). To produce 1 kcal of plant poly peptide requires an input of near two.two kcal of fossil energy (10).
MEAT-BASED Nutrition
The meat-based diet differs from the vegetarian diet in that 124 kg of meat and xx.3 kg of fish are consumed per year (Table 1). Note that the number of calories is the same for both diets considering the vegetarian foods consumed were proportionately increased to make certain that both diets contained the same number of calories. The full calories in the meat and fish consumed per day was 480 kcal. The foods in the meat-based diet providing the near calories were food grains and sugar and sweeteners—similar to the lactoovovegetarian diet.
In the U.s.a., more than 9 billion livestock are maintained to supply the animal protein consumed each year (11). This livestock population on average outweighs the US human population by nigh 5 times. Some livestock, such equally poultry and hogs, consume only grains, whereas dairy cattle, beef cattle, and lambs eat both grains and forage. At nowadays, the U.s. livestock population consumes more than 7 times as much grain as is consumed directly by the entire American population (xi). The corporeality of grains fed to United states livestock is sufficient to feed nigh 840 one thousand thousand people who follow a plant-based diet (seven). From the US livestock population, a total of almost 8 meg tons (metric) of fauna protein is produced annually. With an average distribution assumed, this poly peptide is sufficient to supply about 77 grand of animal protein daily per American. With the addition of about 35 m of available institute protein consumed per person, a total of 112 one thousand of poly peptide is bachelor per capita in the United States per day (11). Note that the recommended daily assart (RDA) for adults per twenty-four hour period is 56 g of protein from a mixed diet. Therefore, based on these information, each American consumes about twice the RDA for poly peptide. Americans on boilerplate are eating too much and are consuming about thou kcal in excess per day per capita (12, 13). The poly peptide consumed per day on the lactoovovegetarian nutrition is 89 one thousand per 24-hour interval. This is significantly lower than the 112 chiliad for the meat-based diet merely still much higher than the RDA of 56 g per day.
About 124 kg of meat is eaten per American per twelvemonth (6). Of the meat eaten, beef amounts to 44 kg, pork 31 kg, poultry 48 kg, and other meats ane kg. Additional animate being poly peptide is obtained from the consumption of milk, eggs, and fish. For every ane kg of high-quality animal protein produced, livestock are fed about 6 kg of establish protein. In the conversion of plant protein to beast protein, there are two principal inputs or costs: i) the direct costs of production of the harvest fauna, including its feed; and two) the indirect costs for maintaining the convenance herds.
Fossil free energy is expended in livestock production systems ( Table 2). For instance, broiler chicken product is the most efficient, with an input of 4 kcal of fossil energy for each 1 kcal of broiler protein produced. The broiler system is primarily dependent on grain. Turkey, also a grain-fed system, is next in efficiency, with a ratio of 10:1. Milk production, based on a mixture of two-thirds grain and one-third forage, is relatively efficient, with a ratio of 14:1. Both pork and egg production also depend on grain. Pork production has a ratio of 14:1, whereas egg production has a 39:i ratio.
Table two
Fauna product in the United States and the fossil energy required to produce 1 kcal of beast protein
| Livestock and animate being products | Product volume 1 | Ratio of energy input to protein output 2 |
|---|---|---|
| × 10 half-dozen | kcal | |
| Lamb | 7 | 57:ane |
| Beef cattle | 74 | 40:ane |
| Eggs | 77000 | 39:one |
| Swine | threescore | 14:i |
| Dairy (milk) | xiii | 14:1 |
| Turkeys | 273 | 10:1 |
| Broilers | 8000 | four:i |
| Livestock and animal products | Production book 1 | Ratio of energy input to protein output two |
|---|---|---|
| × ten six | kcal | |
| Lamb | 7 | 57:1 |
| Beef cattle | 74 | 40:1 |
| Eggs | 77000 | 39:one |
| Swine | sixty | 14:ane |
| Dairy (milk) | 13 | fourteen:one |
| Turkeys | 273 | 10:1 |
| Broilers | 8000 | four:1 |
1 Data from US Department of Agriculture (11).
ii Data from Pimentel (ix).
Tabular array ii
Beast production in the United states of america and the fossil free energy required to produce 1 kcal of fauna protein
| Livestock and animate being products | Production book one | Ratio of energy input to protein output 2 |
|---|---|---|
| × 10 6 | kcal | |
| Lamb | 7 | 57:1 |
| Beefiness cattle | 74 | 40:ane |
| Eggs | 77000 | 39:ane |
| Swine | 60 | 14:1 |
| Dairy (milk) | 13 | 14:ane |
| Turkeys | 273 | 10:1 |
| Broilers | 8000 | four:ane |
| Livestock and animate being products | Production volume one | Ratio of energy input to protein output ii |
|---|---|---|
| × 10 half dozen | kcal | |
| Lamb | 7 | 57:1 |
| Beef cattle | 74 | xl:i |
| Eggs | 77000 | 39:1 |
| Swine | sixty | 14:1 |
| Dairy (milk) | xiii | 14:i |
| Turkeys | 273 | x:1 |
| Broilers | 8000 | 4:1 |
ane Data from U.s.a. Section of Agronomics (11).
2 Data from Pimentel (nine).
The two livestock systems depending well-nigh heavily on forage just also using significant amounts of grain are the beefiness and lamb production systems ( Tabular array 3). The beef arrangement has a ratio of twoscore:i, while the lamb has the highest, with a ratio of 57:ane (Table 2). If these animals were fed on simply practiced-quality pasture, the energy inputs could be reduced past virtually half.
Tabular array 3
Grain and forage inputs per kilogram of animate being product produced
| Livestock | Grain i | Provender 2 |
|---|---|---|
| kg | kg | |
| Lamb | 21 | 30 |
| Beef cattle | 13 | 30 |
| Eggs | 11 | — |
| Swine | 5.9 | — |
| Turkeys | 3.8 | — |
| Broilers | 2.three | — |
| Dairy (milk) | 0.7 | one |
| Livestock | Grain 1 | Forage ii |
|---|---|---|
| kg | kg | |
| Lamb | 21 | 30 |
| Beef cattle | xiii | thirty |
| Eggs | 11 | — |
| Swine | 5.9 | — |
| Turkeys | 3.8 | — |
| Broilers | ii.3 | — |
| Dairy (milk) | 0.7 | 1 |
1 Data from United states of america Department of Agriculture (xi).
2 Information from Morrison (14) and Heitschmidt et al (15).
Tabular array iii
Grain and forage inputs per kilogram of animal production produced
| Livestock | Grain 1 | Fodder 2 |
|---|---|---|
| kg | kg | |
| Lamb | 21 | 30 |
| Beefiness cattle | 13 | xxx |
| Eggs | xi | — |
| Swine | 5.9 | — |
| Turkeys | 3.8 | — |
| Broilers | ii.3 | — |
| Dairy (milk) | 0.7 | ane |
| Livestock | Grain 1 | Fodder ii |
|---|---|---|
| kg | kg | |
| Lamb | 21 | 30 |
| Beef cattle | xiii | 30 |
| Eggs | 11 | — |
| Swine | 5.9 | — |
| Turkeys | 3.8 | — |
| Broilers | two.3 | — |
| Dairy (milk) | 0.7 | ane |
1 Information from Usa Department of Agriculture (eleven).
two Data from Morrison (fourteen) and Heitschmidt et al (15).
The average fossil energy input for all the animal protein product systems studied is 25 kcal fossil energy input per one kcal of protein produced (Tabular array ii). This energy input is more than 11 times greater than that for grain protein production, which is about 2.2 kcal of fossil free energy input per ane kcal of plant poly peptide produced ( Table iv). This is for corn and assumes 9% poly peptide in the corn. Fauna protein is a complete protein based on its amino acid profile and has most ane.4 times the biological value of grain protein (eight).
TABLE 4
Free energy inputs and costs of corn production per hectare in the United States
| Inputs | Quantity | Energy | Cost |
|---|---|---|---|
| kcal × 1000 | $ | ||
| Labor (h) ane | 11.four (16) ii | 462 | 114.00 three |
| Mechanism (kg) | 55 (8) | 1018 (17) | 103.21 (18) |
| Diesel (Fifty) | 42.2 (19, 20) | 481 (17) | eight.87 (21) |
| Gasoline (50) | 32.4 (19, 20) | 328 (17) | nine.40 (21) |
| Nitrogen (kg) | 144.6 (22) | 2688 (23) | 89.65 (21) |
| Phosphorus (kg) | 62.8 (22) | 260 (23) | 34.54 (21) |
| Potassium (kg) | 54.ix (22) | 179 (23) | 17.02 (21) |
| Lime (kg) | 699 (22) | 220 (17) | 139.80 (16) |
| Seeds (kg) | 21 (8) | 520 (17) | 74.81 (24) |
| Irrigation (cm) | 33.vii (25) | 320 (17) | 123.00 |
| Herbicides (kg) | iii.2 (22) | 320 (17) | 64.00 4 |
| Insecticides (kg) | 0.92 (22) | 92 (17) | 18.xl 4 |
| Electricity (kWh) | 13.two (nineteen, twenty) | 34 (17) | 2.38 5 |
| Transportation (kg) 6 | 151 | 125 (17) | 45.xxx 7 |
| Total (kg yield) | 7965 (27) | 7047 8 | 844.38 |
| Inputs | Quantity | Free energy | Cost |
|---|---|---|---|
| kcal × 1000 | $ | ||
| Labor (h) ane | 11.iv (16) 2 | 462 | 114.00 3 |
| Mechanism (kg) | 55 (8) | 1018 (17) | 103.21 (18) |
| Diesel (Fifty) | 42.2 (19, 20) | 481 (17) | viii.87 (21) |
| Gasoline (Fifty) | 32.4 (xix, 20) | 328 (17) | 9.40 (21) |
| Nitrogen (kg) | 144.6 (22) | 2688 (23) | 89.65 (21) |
| Phosphorus (kg) | 62.8 (22) | 260 (23) | 34.54 (21) |
| Potassium (kg) | 54.ix (22) | 179 (23) | 17.02 (21) |
| Lime (kg) | 699 (22) | 220 (17) | 139.80 (16) |
| Seeds (kg) | 21 (viii) | 520 (17) | 74.81 (24) |
| Irrigation (cm) | 33.7 (25) | 320 (17) | 123.00 |
| Herbicides (kg) | three.2 (22) | 320 (17) | 64.00 4 |
| Insecticides (kg) | 0.92 (22) | 92 (17) | 18.40 4 |
| Electricity (kWh) | thirteen.2 (19, twenty) | 34 (17) | 2.38 5 |
| Transportation (kg) half-dozen | 151 | 125 (17) | 45.30 7 |
| Total (kg yield) | 7965 (27) | 7047 8 | 844.38 |
1 It is assumed that a person works 2000 h/y and uses an boilerplate of 8100 L oil equivalents/y.
2 Reference.
3 It is causeless that farm labor is paid $10/h.
4 It is assumed that herbicide and insecticide prices are $20/kg.
five The cost of electricity is $0.07/kWh (26).
6 Appurtenances transported include mechanism, fuels, and seeds that were shipped an estimated m km.
7 Transport was estimated to price $0.xxx/kg.
8 Ratio of kcal input to output = 1:4.07.
TABLE four
Energy inputs and costs of corn product per hectare in the Usa
| Inputs | Quantity | Energy | Cost |
|---|---|---|---|
| kcal × 1000 | $ | ||
| Labor (h) 1 | xi.four (xvi) 2 | 462 | 114.00 iii |
| Mechanism (kg) | 55 (8) | 1018 (17) | 103.21 (xviii) |
| Diesel fuel (L) | 42.2 (19, twenty) | 481 (17) | 8.87 (21) |
| Gasoline (50) | 32.4 (19, 20) | 328 (17) | 9.twoscore (21) |
| Nitrogen (kg) | 144.6 (22) | 2688 (23) | 89.65 (21) |
| Phosphorus (kg) | 62.8 (22) | 260 (23) | 34.54 (21) |
| Potassium (kg) | 54.nine (22) | 179 (23) | 17.02 (21) |
| Lime (kg) | 699 (22) | 220 (17) | 139.80 (sixteen) |
| Seeds (kg) | 21 (8) | 520 (17) | 74.81 (24) |
| Irrigation (cm) | 33.7 (25) | 320 (17) | 123.00 |
| Herbicides (kg) | 3.2 (22) | 320 (17) | 64.00 iv |
| Insecticides (kg) | 0.92 (22) | 92 (17) | 18.40 4 |
| Electricity (kWh) | thirteen.2 (19, 20) | 34 (17) | two.38 5 |
| Transportation (kg) half dozen | 151 | 125 (17) | 45.30 7 |
| Total (kg yield) | 7965 (27) | 7047 eight | 844.38 |
| Inputs | Quantity | Energy | Cost |
|---|---|---|---|
| kcal × 1000 | $ | ||
| Labor (h) 1 | eleven.iv (16) two | 462 | 114.00 3 |
| Machinery (kg) | 55 (eight) | 1018 (17) | 103.21 (eighteen) |
| Diesel (L) | 42.two (xix, 20) | 481 (17) | viii.87 (21) |
| Gasoline (Fifty) | 32.4 (nineteen, twenty) | 328 (17) | nine.40 (21) |
| Nitrogen (kg) | 144.half-dozen (22) | 2688 (23) | 89.65 (21) |
| Phosphorus (kg) | 62.8 (22) | 260 (23) | 34.54 (21) |
| Potassium (kg) | 54.nine (22) | 179 (23) | 17.02 (21) |
| Lime (kg) | 699 (22) | 220 (17) | 139.lxxx (16) |
| Seeds (kg) | 21 (8) | 520 (17) | 74.81 (24) |
| Irrigation (cm) | 33.vii (25) | 320 (17) | 123.00 |
| Herbicides (kg) | 3.2 (22) | 320 (17) | 64.00 4 |
| Insecticides (kg) | 0.92 (22) | 92 (17) | 18.forty 4 |
| Electricity (kWh) | 13.2 (19, 20) | 34 (17) | 2.38 5 |
| Transportation (kg) six | 151 | 125 (17) | 45.30 7 |
| Total (kg yield) | 7965 (27) | 7047 8 | 844.38 |
1 It is causeless that a person works 2000 h/y and uses an average of 8100 L oil equivalents/y.
ii Reference.
3 It is causeless that farm labor is paid $10/h.
4 It is causeless that herbicide and insecticide prices are $20/kg.
5 The price of electricity is $0.07/kWh (26).
half dozen Goods transported include machinery, fuels, and seeds that were shipped an estimated 1000 km.
7 Transport was estimated to cost $0.30/kg.
8 Ratio of kcal input to output = 1:4.07.
LAND Resource
More than than 99.ii% of US food is produced on land, while < 0.eight% comes from oceans and other aquatic ecosystems. The continued use and productivity of the state is a growing concern because of the rapid rate of soil erosion and degradation throughout the Us and the earth. Each twelvemonth about 90% of Usa cropland loses soil at a charge per unit 13 times higher up the sustainable rate of 1 ton/ha/y (28). Also, US pastures and rangelands are losing soil at an boilerplate of 6 tons/ha/y. About 60% of United States pastureland is being overgrazed and is field of study to accelerated erosion.
The concern about loftier rates of soil erosion in the United states of america and the world is axiomatic when information technology is understood that it takes approximately 500 y to replace 25 mm (1 in) of lost soil (28). Clearly, a farmer cannot wait for the replacement of 25 mm of soil. Commercial fertilizers tin can supplant some nutrient loss resulting from soil erosion, but this requires large inputs of fossil energy.
WATER RESOURCES
Agronomical production, including livestock production, consumes more fresh water than any other activity in the The states. Western agronomical irrigation accounts for 85% of the fresh h2o consumed (29). The h2o required to produce various foods and forage crops ranges from 500 to 2000 L of water per kilogram of ingather produced. For instance, a hectare of US corn transpires more than 5 1000000 Fifty of water during the 3-mo growing season. If irrigation is required, more than 10 million L of water must exist practical. Even with 800–1000 mm of annual rainfall in the U.s.a. Corn Chugalug, corn usually suffers from lack of water in late July, when the corn is growing the about.
Producing ane kg of animal protein requires nearly 100 times more water than producing 1 kg of grain protein (eight). Livestock directly uses only 1.3% of the total h2o used in agriculture. Withal, when the water required for forage and grain production is included, the water requirements for livestock production dramatically increment. For example, producing ane kg of fresh beef may require about 13 kg of grain and 30 kg of hay (17). This much provender and grain requires about 100 000 Fifty of water to produce the 100 kg of hay, and 5400 L for the iv kg of grain. On rangeland for forage production, more than 200 000 L of water are needed to produce 1 kg of beef (xxx). Animals vary in the amounts of h2o required for their production. In contrast to beef, 1 kg of broiler tin can be produced with about 2.3 kg of grain requiring approximately 3500 Fifty of water.
CONCLUSION
Both the meat-based average American nutrition and the lactoovovegetarian diet require significant quantities of nonrenewable fossil energy to produce. Thus, both nutrient systems are not sustainable in the long term based on heavy fossil energy requirements. However, the meat-based diet requires more free energy, land, and h2o resources than the lactoovovegetarian diet. In this limited sense, the lactoovovegetarian nutrition is more sustainable than the boilerplate American meat-based diet.
The major threat to hereafter survival and to US natural resources is rapid population growth. The Us population of 285 1000000 is projected to double to 570 million in the side by side seventy y, which will place greater stress on the already-limited supply of free energy, land, and water resources. These vital resource volition have to be divided amidst ever greater numbers of people.
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FOOTNOTES
2 Presented at the 4th International Congress on Vegetarian Diet, held in Loma Linda, CA, April 8–eleven, 2002. Published proceedings edited past Joan Sabaté and Sujatha Rajaram, Hill Linda University, Loma Linda, CA.
© 2003 American Society for Clinical Diet
© 2003 American Gild for Clinical Nutrition
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