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Mojibake (Japanese: 文字化け; IPA: [mod͡ʑibake]) is the garbled text that is the result of text being decoded using an unintended character encoding.[1] The effect is a systematic replacement of symbols with completely unrelated ones, frequently from a different writing system.
This display may include the generic replacement graphic symbol ("�") in places where the binary representation is considered invalid. A replacement can besides involve multiple consecutive symbols, as viewed in 1 encoding, when the same binary lawmaking constitutes one symbol in the other encoding. This is either because of differing constant length encoding (equally in Asian 16-bit encodings vs European 8-bit encodings), or the use of variable length encodings (notably UTF-8 and UTF-16).
Failed rendering of glyphs due to either missing fonts or missing glyphs in a font is a different issue that is not to be confused with mojibake. Symptoms of this failed rendering include blocks with the code indicate displayed in hexadecimal or using the generic replacement grapheme. Importantly, these replacements are valid and are the effect of right error handling by the software.
Etymology [edit]
Mojibake means "character transformation" in Japanese. The word is composed of 文字 (moji, IPA: [mod͡ʑi]), "character" and 化け (bake, IPA: [bäke̞], pronounced "bah-keh"), "transform".
Causes [edit]
To correctly reproduce the original text that was encoded, the correspondence betwixt the encoded data and the notion of its encoding must be preserved. As mojibake is the instance of not-compliance between these, it can be achieved by manipulating the information itself, or merely relabeling it.
Mojibake is oftentimes seen with text data that have been tagged with a wrong encoding; it may non even exist tagged at all, but moved between computers with unlike default encodings. A major source of trouble are communication protocols that rely on settings on each computer rather than sending or storing metadata together with the data.
The differing default settings between computers are in part due to differing deployments of Unicode among operating organization families, and partly the legacy encodings' specializations for different writing systems of human languages. Whereas Linux distributions more often than not switched to UTF-8 in 2004,[two] Microsoft Windows generally uses UTF-16, and sometimes uses 8-bit lawmaking pages for text files in dissimilar languages.[ dubious ]
For some writing systems, an example being Japanese, several encodings have historically been employed, causing users to see mojibake relatively often. As a Japanese example, the word mojibake "文字化け" stored equally EUC-JP might be incorrectly displayed as "ﾊｸｻ�ｽ､ｱ", "ﾊｸｻ嵂ｽ､ｱ" (MS-932), or "ﾊｸｻ郾ｽ､ｱ" (Shift JIS-2004). The aforementioned text stored equally UTF-8 is displayed every bit "譁�蟄怜喧縺�" if interpreted every bit Shift JIS. This is farther exacerbated if other locales are involved: the same UTF-8 text appears every bit "æ–‡å—化ã'" in software that assumes text to be in the Windows-1252 or ISO-8859-1 encodings, usually labelled Western, or (for example) as "鏂囧瓧鍖栥亼" if interpreted as being in a GBK (Mainland Prc) locale.
| Original text | 文 | 字 | 化 | け | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Raw bytes of EUC-JP encoding | CA | B8 | BB | FA | B2 | BD | A4 | B1 |
| Bytes interpreted as Shift-JIS encoding | ﾊ | ｸ | ｻ | 郾 | ｽ | ､ | ｱ | |
| Bytes interpreted every bit ISO-8859-i encoding | Ê | ¸ | » | ú | ² | ½ | ¤ | ± |
| Bytes interpreted as GBK encoding | 矢 | 机 | 步 | け | ||||
Underspecification [edit]
If the encoding is not specified, information technology is upward to the software to determine it past other ways. Depending on the type of software, the typical solution is either configuration or charset detection heuristics. Both are decumbent to mis-prediction in not-so-uncommon scenarios.
The encoding of text files is affected by locale setting, which depends on the user'due south linguistic communication, brand of operating arrangement and possibly other weather. Therefore, the causeless encoding is systematically incorrect for files that come from a computer with a unlike setting, or even from a differently localized software within the aforementioned organization. For Unicode, one solution is to employ a byte order marking, just for source lawmaking and other automobile readable text, many parsers don't tolerate this. Another is storing the encoding as metadata in the file system. File systems that support extended file attributes can store this as user.charset.[3] This also requires support in software that wants to take advantage of it, but does not disturb other software.
While a few encodings are easy to detect, in particular UTF-8, there are many that are hard to distinguish (come across charset detection). A web browser may not be able to distinguish a page coded in EUC-JP and some other in Shift-JIS if the coding scheme is not assigned explicitly using HTTP headers sent forth with the documents, or using the HTML document'south meta tags that are used to substitute for missing HTTP headers if the server cannot be configured to send the proper HTTP headers; run across character encodings in HTML.
Mis-specification [edit]
Mojibake likewise occurs when the encoding is wrongly specified. This often happens between encodings that are like. For example, the Eudora email client for Windows was known to send emails labelled as ISO-8859-1 that were in reality Windows-1252.[four] The Mac Os version of Eudora did not exhibit this behaviour. Windows-1252 contains extra printable characters in the C1 range (the virtually frequently seen beingness curved quotation marks and extra dashes), that were not displayed properly in software complying with the ISO standard; this especially affected software running under other operating systems such as Unix.
Homo ignorance [edit]
Of the encodings all the same in use, many are partially compatible with each other, with ASCII equally the predominant mutual subset. This sets the stage for homo ignorance:
- Compatibility can be a deceptive property, as the common subset of characters is unaffected by a mixup of 2 encodings (come across Issues in different writing systems).
- People call back they are using ASCII, and tend to label whatever superset of ASCII they actually utilise as "ASCII". Maybe for simplification, but even in academic literature, the discussion "ASCII" can be institute used equally an example of something not compatible with Unicode, where manifestly "ASCII" is Windows-1252 and "Unicode" is UTF-8.[1] Note that UTF-viii is backwards compatible with ASCII.
Overspecification [edit]
When there are layers of protocols, each trying to specify the encoding based on unlike information, the least certain information may exist misleading to the recipient. For case, consider a web server serving a static HTML file over HTTP. The graphic symbol set may be communicated to the client in whatever number of 3 ways:
- in the HTTP header. This information tin can be based on server configuration (for instance, when serving a file off disk) or controlled by the application running on the server (for dynamic websites).
- in the file, as an HTML meta tag (
http-equivorcharset) or theencodingattribute of an XML declaration. This is the encoding that the author meant to save the detail file in. - in the file, as a byte order mark. This is the encoding that the writer's editor actually saved information technology in. Unless an accidental encoding conversion has happened (by opening it in 1 encoding and saving information technology in another), this will be correct. It is, however, only available in Unicode encodings such as UTF-eight or UTF-16.
Lack of hardware or software support [edit]
Much older hardware is typically designed to support only one character set and the grapheme set typically cannot be contradistinct. The grapheme tabular array contained within the display firmware will be localized to have characters for the country the device is to be sold in, and typically the tabular array differs from country to country. As such, these systems will potentially display mojibake when loading text generated on a system from a different country. Likewise, many early operating systems do not support multiple encoding formats and thus will finish upwards displaying mojibake if made to display non-standard text—early versions of Microsoft Windows and Palm Os for example, are localized on a per-state basis and will only support encoding standards relevant to the land the localized version volition be sold in, and will display mojibake if a file containing a text in a different encoding format from the version that the Bone is designed to back up is opened.
Resolutions [edit]
Applications using UTF-8 equally a default encoding may achieve a greater degree of interoperability because of its widespread utilize and backward compatibility with U.s.a.-ASCII. UTF-8 also has the ability to be straight recognised past a unproblematic algorithm, so that well written software should be able to avoid mixing UTF-viii up with other encodings.
The difficulty of resolving an instance of mojibake varies depending on the application inside which it occurs and the causes of it. Two of the most common applications in which mojibake may occur are spider web browsers and word processors. Modern browsers and word processors oftentimes support a broad array of grapheme encodings. Browsers often allow a user to change their rendering engine's encoding setting on the fly, while word processors allow the user to select the appropriate encoding when opening a file. It may take some trial and error for users to find the correct encoding.
The trouble gets more complicated when information technology occurs in an application that normally does non back up a wide range of character encoding, such as in a non-Unicode computer game. In this case, the user must change the operating system's encoding settings to lucifer that of the game. However, changing the organisation-wide encoding settings tin as well cause Mojibake in pre-existing applications. In Windows XP or subsequently, a user also has the option to utilize Microsoft AppLocale, an application that allows the changing of per-application locale settings. Fifty-fifty then, changing the operating organisation encoding settings is not possible on earlier operating systems such as Windows 98; to resolve this outcome on earlier operating systems, a user would have to use third party font rendering applications.
Problems in different writing systems [edit]
English [edit]
Mojibake in English texts generally occurs in punctuation, such every bit em dashes (—), en dashes (–), and curly quotes (",",','), only rarely in character text, since about encodings agree with ASCII on the encoding of the English alphabet. For instance, the pound sign "£" will appear as "£" if information technology was encoded past the sender as UTF-8 but interpreted by the recipient every bit CP1252 or ISO 8859-i. If iterated using CP1252, this can lead to "£", "£", "ÃÆ'‚£", etc.
Some computers did, in older eras, have vendor-specific encodings which caused mismatch also for English text. Commodore make viii-chip computers used PETSCII encoding, peculiarly notable for inverting the upper and lower case compared to standard ASCII. PETSCII printers worked fine on other computers of the era, but flipped the case of all messages. IBM mainframes utilize the EBCDIC encoding which does not match ASCII at all.
Other Western European languages [edit]
The alphabets of the N Germanic languages, Catalan, Finnish, German, French, Portuguese and Spanish are all extensions of the Latin alphabet. The additional characters are typically the ones that become corrupted, making texts simply mildly unreadable with mojibake:
- å, ä, ö in Finnish and Swedish
- à, ç, è, é, ï, í, ò, ó, ú, ü in Catalan
- æ, ø, å in Norwegian and Danish
- á, é, ó, ij, è, ë, ï in Dutch
- ä, ö, ü, and ß in German language
- á, ð, í, ó, ú, ý, æ, ø in Faeroese
- á, ð, é, í, ó, ú, ý, þ, æ, ö in Icelandic
- à, â, ç, è, é, ë, ê, ï, î, ô, ù, û, ü, ÿ, æ, œ in French
- à, è, é, ì, ò, ù in Italian
- á, é, í, ñ, ó, ú, ü, ¡, ¿ in Castilian
- à, á, â, ã, ç, é, ê, í, ó, ô, õ, ú in Portuguese (ü no longer used)
- á, é, í, ó, ú in Irish
- à, è, ì, ò, ù in Scottish Gaelic
- £ in British English
… and their uppercase counterparts, if applicative.
These are languages for which the ISO-8859-1 character set up (too known as Latin 1 or Western) has been in use. However, ISO-8859-1 has been obsoleted by two competing standards, the backward compatible Windows-1252, and the slightly altered ISO-8859-15. Both add the Euro sign € and the French œ, but otherwise whatsoever confusion of these 3 grapheme sets does non create mojibake in these languages. Furthermore, information technology is always rubber to interpret ISO-8859-1 equally Windows-1252, and fairly safety to interpret information technology as ISO-8859-fifteen, in particular with respect to the Euro sign, which replaces the rarely used currency sign (¤). All the same, with the advent of UTF-viii, mojibake has become more common in certain scenarios, e.m. exchange of text files between UNIX and Windows computers, due to UTF-8's incompatibility with Latin-ane and Windows-1252. But UTF-eight has the ability to exist directly recognised by a simple algorithm, so that well written software should be able to avoid mixing UTF-8 upwards with other encodings, so this was nearly common when many had software not supporting UTF-8. Most of these languages were supported by MS-DOS default CP437 and other motorcar default encodings, except ASCII, then issues when buying an operating system version were less mutual. Windows and MS-DOS are not compatible however.
In Swedish, Norwegian, Danish and German, vowels are rarely repeated, and it is normally obvious when one character gets corrupted, e.g. the 2nd letter in "kärlek" ( kärlek , "dear"). This manner, even though the reader has to guess between å, ä and ö, near all texts remain legible. Finnish text, on the other paw, does feature repeating vowels in words like hääyö ("wedding night") which can sometimes render text very hard to read (e.m. hääyö appears as "hääyö"). Icelandic and Faroese have 10 and eight possibly misreckoning characters, respectively, which thus can arrive more difficult to guess corrupted characters; Icelandic words like þjóðlöð ("outstanding hospitality") become virtually entirely unintelligible when rendered as "þjóðlöð".
In High german, Buchstabensalat ("letter salad") is a common term for this phenomenon, and in Spanish, deformación (literally deformation).
Some users transliterate their writing when using a computer, either by omitting the problematic diacritics, or past using digraph replacements (å → aa, ä/æ → ae, ö/ø → oe, ü → ue etc.). Thus, an writer might write "ueber" instead of "über", which is standard do in German when umlauts are not bachelor. The latter practice seems to be better tolerated in the German language sphere than in the Nordic countries. For case, in Norwegian, digraphs are associated with primitive Danish, and may be used jokingly. However, digraphs are useful in communication with other parts of the world. As an example, the Norwegian football player Ole Gunnar Solskjær had his proper noun spelled "SOLSKJAER" on his back when he played for Manchester United.
An antiquity of UTF-8 misinterpreted as ISO-8859-1, "Ring million nÃ¥" (" Ring meg nå "), was seen in an SMS scam raging in Kingdom of norway in June 2014.[5]
| Swedish instance: | Smörgås (open sandwich) | |
|---|---|---|
| File encoding | Setting in browser | Result |
| MS-DOS 437 | ISO 8859-one | Sm"rg†s |
| ISO 8859-ane | Mac Roman | SmˆrgÂs |
| UTF-8 | ISO 8859-one | Smörgås |
| UTF-8 | Mac Roman | Smörgåsouthward |
Central and Eastern European [edit]
Users of Central and Eastern European languages can also be afflicted. Because well-nigh computers were not continued to any network during the mid- to late-1980s, there were unlike character encodings for every language with diacritical characters (run across ISO/IEC 8859 and KOI-8), oftentimes likewise varying past operating system.
Hungarian [edit]
Hungarian is another afflicted linguistic communication, which uses the 26 bones English characters, plus the accented forms á, é, í, ó, ú, ö, ü (all present in the Latin-1 character set), plus the ii characters ő and ű, which are not in Latin-one. These two characters can be correctly encoded in Latin-2, Windows-1250 and Unicode. Before Unicode became common in email clients, e-mails containing Hungarian text frequently had the letters ő and ű corrupted, sometimes to the signal of unrecognizability. It is common to respond to an e-postal service rendered unreadable (see examples below) by character mangling (referred to as "betűszemét", pregnant "letter of the alphabet garbage") with the phrase "Árvíztűrő tükörfúrógép", a nonsense phrase (literally "Flood-resistant mirror-drilling motorcar") containing all accented characters used in Hungarian.
Examples [edit]
| Source encoding | Target encoding | Result | Occurrence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hungarian example | ÁRVÍZTŰRŐ TÜKÖRFÚRÓGÉP árvíztűrő tükörfúrógép | Characters in red are wrong and do non friction match the top-left example. | |
| CP 852 | CP 437 | ╡RV╓ZTδRè TÜKÖRFΘRαGÉP árvízt√rï tükörfúrógép | This was very common in DOS-era when the text was encoded past the Fundamental European CP 852 encoding; all the same, the operating organisation, a software or printer used the default CP 437 encoding. Delight annotation that small-example messages are mainly correct, exception with ő (ï) and ű (√). Ü/ü is correct considering CP 852 was made compatible with German language. Nowadays occurs mainly on printed prescriptions and cheques. |
| CWI-2 | CP 437 | ÅRVìZTÿRº TÜKÖRFùRòGÉP árvíztûrô tükörfúrógép | The CWI-2 encoding was designed so that the text remains fairly well-readable even if the display or printer uses the default CP 437 encoding. This encoding was heavily used in the 1980s and early on 1990s, only present it is completely deprecated. |
| Windows-1250 | Windows-1252 | ÁRVÍZTÛRÕ TÜKÖRFÚRÓGÉP árvíztûrõ tükörfúrógép | The default Western Windows encoding is used instead of the Central-European one. Only ő-Ő (õ-Õ) and ű-Ű (û-Û) are wrong, but the text is completely readable. This is the about common error nowadays; due to ignorance, information technology occurs oft on webpages or even in printed media. |
| CP 852 | Windows-1250 | µRVÖZTëRŠ TšK™RFéRŕG P rvˇztűr‹ t thousand"rfŁr˘grand‚p | Central European Windows encoding is used instead of DOS encoding. The use of ű is correct. |
| Windows-1250 | CP 852 | ┴RV═ZT█RŇ T▄GÍRF┌RËG╔P ßrvÝztűr§ tŘk÷rf˙rˇthousandÚp | Central European DOS encoding is used instead of Windows encoding. The utilise of ű is correct. |
| Quoted-printable | 7-scrap ASCII | =C1RV=CDZT=DBR=D5 T=DCK=D6RF=DAR=D3Chiliad=C9P =E1rv=EDzt=FBr=F5 t=FCk=F6rf=FAr=F3m=E9p | Mainly caused past wrongly configured mail servers but may occur in SMS messages on some cell-phones as well. |
| UTF-8 | Windows-1252 | ÃRVÃZTÅ°RÅ TÃœOne thousandÖRFÚRÃ"GÉP árvÃztűrÅ' tükörfúróchiliadép | Mainly caused past wrongly configured web services or webmail clients, which were non tested for international usage (as the problem remains concealed for English texts). In this case the actual (often generated) content is in UTF-viii; however, it is not configured in the HTML headers, so the rendering engine displays it with the default Western encoding. |
Smoothen [edit]
Prior to the cosmos of ISO 8859-2 in 1987, users of various computing platforms used their own character encodings such every bit AmigaPL on Amiga, Atari Gild on Atari ST and Masovia, IBM CP852, Mazovia and Windows CP1250 on IBM PCs. Polish companies selling early DOS computers created their own mutually-incompatible means to encode Smoothen characters and but reprogrammed the EPROMs of the video cards (typically CGA, EGA, or Hercules) to provide hardware code pages with the needed glyphs for Smooth—arbitrarily located without reference to where other reckoner sellers had placed them.
The situation began to improve when, after pressure from bookish and user groups, ISO 8859-2 succeeded as the "Net standard" with limited back up of the dominant vendors' software (today largely replaced by Unicode). With the numerous problems caused by the variety of encodings, even today some users tend to refer to Smoothen diacritical characters every bit krzaczki ([kshach-kih], lit. "little shrubs").
Russian and other Cyrillic alphabets [edit]
Mojibake may exist colloquially chosen krakozyabry ( кракозя́бры [krɐkɐˈzʲæbrɪ̈]) in Russian, which was and remains complicated by several systems for encoding Cyrillic.[6] The Soviet Union and early Russian Federation developed KOI encodings ( Kod Obmena Informatsiey , Код Обмена Информацией , which translates to "Code for Information Commutation"). This began with Cyrillic-but 7-bit KOI7, based on ASCII but with Latin and another characters replaced with Cyrillic letters. Then came eight-bit KOI8 encoding that is an ASCII extension which encodes Cyrillic messages only with loftier-chip set octets corresponding to 7-bit codes from KOI7. Information technology is for this reason that KOI8 text, fifty-fifty Russian, remains partially readable subsequently stripping the eighth scrap, which was considered as a major advantage in the age of 8BITMIME-unaware email systems. For example, words " Школа русского языка " shkola russkogo yazyka , encoded in KOI8 and so passed through the loftier chip stripping process, finish up rendered as "[KOLA RUSSKOGO qZYKA". Eventually KOI8 gained different flavors for Russian and Bulgarian (KOI8-R), Ukrainian (KOI8-U), Belarusian (KOI8-RU) and fifty-fifty Tajik (KOI8-T).
Meanwhile, in the West, Lawmaking page 866 supported Ukrainian and Belarusan as well every bit Russian/Bulgarian in MS-DOS. For Microsoft Windows, Code Page 1251 added support for Serbian and other Slavic variants of Cyrillic.
Most recently, the Unicode encoding includes code points for practically all the characters of all the world's languages, including all Cyrillic characters.
Before Unicode, it was necessary to friction match text encoding with a font using the aforementioned encoding system. Failure to do this produced unreadable gibberish whose specific advent varied depending on the exact combination of text encoding and font encoding. For example, attempting to view non-Unicode Cyrillic text using a font that is limited to the Latin alphabet, or using the default ("Western") encoding, typically results in text that consists almost entirely of vowels with diacritical marks. (KOI8 " Библиотека " ( biblioteka , library) becomes "âÉÂÌÉÏÔÅËÁ".) Using Windows codepage 1251 to view text in KOI8 or vice versa results in garbled text that consists more often than not of capital letters (KOI8 and codepage 1251 share the same ASCII region, just KOI8 has capital letter messages in the region where codepage 1251 has lowercase, and vice versa). In full general, Cyrillic gibberish is symptomatic of using the wrong Cyrillic font. During the early on years of the Russian sector of the World wide web, both KOI8 and codepage 1251 were common. As of 2017, 1 tin still encounter HTML pages in codepage 1251 and, rarely, KOI8 encodings, as well as Unicode. (An estimated one.7% of all spider web pages worldwide – all languages included – are encoded in codepage 1251.[7]) Though the HTML standard includes the ability to specify the encoding for any given web page in its source,[viii] this is sometimes neglected, forcing the user to switch encodings in the browser manually.
In Bulgarian, mojibake is frequently chosen majmunica ( маймуница ), meaning "monkey's [alphabet]". In Serbian, information technology is called đubre ( ђубре ), meaning "trash". Dissimilar the one-time USSR, South Slavs never used something like KOI8, and Code Page 1251 was the dominant Cyrillic encoding there before Unicode. Therefore, these languages experienced fewer encoding incompatibility troubles than Russian. In the 1980s, Bulgarian computers used their own MIK encoding, which is superficially like to (although incompatible with) CP866.
| Russian example: | Кракозябры ( krakozyabry , garbage characters) | |
|---|---|---|
| File encoding | Setting in browser | Effect |
| MS-DOS 855 | ISO 8859-i | Æá ÆÖóÞ¢áñ |
| KOI8-R | ISO 8859-1 | ëÒÁËÏÚÑÂÒÙ |
| UTF-8 | KOI8-R | п я─п╟п╨п╬п╥я▐п╠я─я▀ |
Yugoslav languages [edit]
Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian (the dialects of the Yugoslav Serbo-Croation language) and Slovene add to the basic Latin alphabet the messages š, đ, č, ć, ž, and their upper-case letter counterparts Š, Đ, Č, Ć, Ž (just č/Č, š/Š and ž/Ž in Slovene; officially, although others are used when needed, by and large in foreign names, also). All of these letters are defined in Latin-2 and Windows-1250, while only some (š, Š, ž, Ž, Đ) exist in the usual Os-default Windows-1252, and are there because of another languages.
Although Mojibake can occur with whatever of these characters, the messages that are not included in Windows-1252 are much more than prone to errors. Thus, even present, "šđčćž ŠĐČĆŽ" is often displayed as "šðèæž ŠÐÈÆŽ", although ð, è, æ, È, Æ are never used in Slavic languages.
When confined to basic ASCII (well-nigh user names, for example), common replacements are: š→s, đ→dj, č→c, ć→c, ž→z (uppercase forms analogously, with Đ→Dj or Đ→DJ depending on word example). All of these replacements introduce ambiguities, so reconstructing the original from such a grade is ordinarily done manually if required.
The Windows-1252 encoding is important considering the English language versions of the Windows operating system are most widespread, non localized ones.[ citation needed ] The reasons for this include a relatively minor and fragmented market, increasing the cost of loftier quality localization, a high degree of software piracy (in turn caused by high cost of software compared to income), which discourages localization efforts, and people preferring English language versions of Windows and other software.[ commendation needed ]
The drive to differentiate Croatian from Serbian, Bosnian from Croatian and Serbian, and now even Montenegrin from the other iii creates many problems. There are many different localizations, using different standards and of different quality. At that place are no common translations for the vast corporeality of computer terminology originating in English. In the terminate, people use adopted English words ("kompjuter" for "computer", "kompajlirati" for "compile," etc.), and if they are unaccustomed to the translated terms may not understand what some option in a carte du jour is supposed to do based on the translated phrase. Therefore, people who understand English language, as well as those who are accustomed to English language terminology (who are most, because English language terminology is also more often than not taught in schools because of these problems) regularly cull the original English versions of non-specialist software.
When Cyrillic script is used (for Macedonian and partially Serbian), the problem is similar to other Cyrillic-based scripts.
Newer versions of English Windows allow the code page to be changed (older versions crave special English versions with this support), but this setting can exist and often was incorrectly set. For example, Windows 98 and Windows Me can exist prepare to most non-right-to-left single-byte lawmaking pages including 1250, but simply at install time.
Caucasian languages [edit]
The writing systems of certain languages of the Caucasus region, including the scripts of Georgian and Armenian, may produce mojibake. This trouble is especially astute in the example of ArmSCII or ARMSCII, a set of obsolete graphic symbol encodings for the Armenian alphabet which have been superseded past Unicode standards. ArmSCII is non widely used because of a lack of support in the computer industry. For example, Microsoft Windows does not back up it.
Asian encodings [edit]
Some other blazon of mojibake occurs when text is erroneously parsed in a multi-byte encoding, such equally one of the encodings for East Asian languages. With this kind of mojibake more than 1 (typically two) characters are corrupted at once, e.one thousand. "k舐lek" ( kärlek ) in Swedish, where " är " is parsed as "舐". Compared to the above mojibake, this is harder to read, since letters unrelated to the problematic å, ä or ö are missing, and is especially problematic for short words starting with å, ä or ö such as "än" (which becomes "舅"). Since two letters are combined, the mojibake also seems more random (over 50 variants compared to the normal three, not counting the rarer capitals). In some rare cases, an entire text string which happens to include a pattern of particular give-and-take lengths, such every bit the sentence "Bush-league hid the facts", may exist misinterpreted.
Vietnamese [edit]
In Vietnamese, the miracle is called chữ ma , loạn mã tin occur when estimator try to encode diacritic character defined in Windows-1258, TCVN3 or VNI to UTF-eight. Chữ ma was common in Vietnam when user was using Windows XP reckoner or using cheap mobile phone.
| Instance: | Trăm năm trong cõi người ta (Truyện Kiều, Nguyễn Du) | |
|---|---|---|
| Original encoding | Target encoding | Effect |
| Windows-1258 | UTF-viii | Trăthousand northăm trong cõi ngÆ°á»i ta |
| TCVN3 | UTF-8 | Tr¨k n¨k trong câi ngêi ta |
| VNI (Windows) | UTF-8 | Traêm naêm trong coõi ngöôøi ta |
Japanese [edit]
In Japanese, the aforementioned phenomenon is, as mentioned, called mojibake ( 文字化け ). Information technology is a detail problem in Japan due to the numerous unlike encodings that exist for Japanese text. Alongside Unicode encodings like UTF-viii and UTF-sixteen, in that location are other standard encodings, such as Shift-JIS (Windows machines) and EUC-JP (UNIX systems). Mojibake, as well as being encountered by Japanese users, is also often encountered by non-Japanese when attempting to run software written for the Japanese market.
Chinese [edit]
In Chinese, the same miracle is called Luàn mǎ (Pinyin, Simplified Chinese 乱码 , Traditional Chinese 亂碼 , pregnant 'chaotic code'), and can occur when computerised text is encoded in one Chinese character encoding only is displayed using the wrong encoding. When this occurs, information technology is often possible to set the issue by switching the graphic symbol encoding without loss of information. The situation is complicated because of the beingness of several Chinese graphic symbol encoding systems in use, the most common ones being: Unicode, Big5, and Guobiao (with several backward uniform versions), and the possibility of Chinese characters being encoded using Japanese encoding.
It is easy to place the original encoding when luanma occurs in Guobiao encodings:
| Original encoding | Viewed as | Upshot | Original text | Annotation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Big5 | GB | ?T瓣в变巨肚 | 三國志曹操傳 | Garbled Chinese characters with no hint of original meaning. The red grapheme is not a valid codepoint in GB2312. |
| Shift-JIS | GB | 暥帤壔偗僥僗僩 | 文字化けテスト | Kana is displayed as characters with the radical 亻, while kanji are other characters. Most of them are extremely uncommon and not in applied use in modernistic Chinese. |
| EUC-KR | GB | 叼力捞钙胶 抛农聪墨 | 디제이맥스 테크니카 | Random common Simplified Chinese characters which in most cases make no sense. Hands identifiable considering of spaces between every several characters. |
An additional trouble is acquired when encodings are missing characters, which is mutual with rare or blowsy characters that are even so used in personal or identify names. Examples of this are Taiwanese politicians Wang Chien-shien (Chinese: 王建煊; pinyin: Wáng Jiànxuān )'south "煊", Yu Shyi-kun (simplified Chinese: 游锡堃; traditional Chinese: 游錫堃; pinyin: Yóu Xíkūn )'s "堃" and singer David Tao (Chinese: 陶喆; pinyin: Táo Zhé )'s "喆" missing in Big5, ex-PRC Premier Zhu Rongji (Chinese: 朱镕基; pinyin: Zhū Róngjī )'s "镕" missing in GB2312, copyright symbol "©" missing in GBK.[9]
Newspapers have dealt with this trouble in diverse ways, including using software to combine 2 existing, like characters; using a moving-picture show of the personality; or simply substituting a homophone for the rare character in the hope that the reader would be able to brand the correct inference.
Indic text [edit]
A like result can occur in Brahmic or Indic scripts of South asia, used in such Indo-Aryan or Indic languages as Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu), Bengali, Punjabi, Marathi, and others, fifty-fifty if the character set employed is properly recognized by the application. This is because, in many Indic scripts, the rules past which individual letter of the alphabet symbols combine to create symbols for syllables may non be properly understood by a computer missing the appropriate software, fifty-fifty if the glyphs for the individual letter forms are available.
One example of this is the old Wikipedia logo, which attempts to evidence the character analogous to "wi" (the starting time syllable of "Wikipedia") on each of many puzzle pieces. The puzzle piece meant to comport the Devanagari grapheme for "wi" instead used to display the "wa" grapheme followed by an unpaired "i" modifier vowel, easily recognizable equally mojibake generated by a computer not configured to brandish Indic text.[10] The logo as redesigned as of May 2010[ref] has stock-still these errors.
The thought of Plain Text requires the operating system to provide a font to display Unicode codes. This font is different from OS to OS for Singhala and information technology makes orthographically incorrect glyphs for some letters (syllables) across all operating systems. For case, the 'reph', the brusque grade for 'r' is a diacritic that normally goes on top of a manifestly alphabetic character. However, it is wrong to keep acme of some letters like 'ya' or 'la' in specific contexts. For Sanskritic words or names inherited by modern languages, such as कार्य, IAST: kārya, or आर्या, IAST: āryā, it is apt to put it on top of these letters. By dissimilarity, for similar sounds in modern languages which result from their specific rules, it is not put on top, such equally the give-and-take करणाऱ्या, IAST: karaṇāryā, a stem form of the common word करणारा/री, IAST: karaṇārā/rī, in the Marä thi language.[11] But it happens in almost operating systems. This appears to be a fault of internal programming of the fonts. In Mac OS and iOS, the muurdhaja l (dark fifty) and 'u' combination and its long form both yield wrong shapes.[ citation needed ]
Some Indic and Indic-derived scripts, most notably Lao, were not officially supported past Windows XP until the release of Vista.[12] Yet, various sites take made gratuitous-to-download fonts.
Burmese [edit]
Due to Western sanctions[thirteen] and the late arrival of Burmese linguistic communication support in computers,[14] [15] much of the early Burmese localization was homegrown without international cooperation. The prevailing ways of Burmese back up is via the Zawgyi font, a font that was created as a Unicode font merely was in fact only partially Unicode compliant.[15] In the Zawgyi font, some codepoints for Burmese script were implemented every bit specified in Unicode, but others were non.[sixteen] The Unicode Consortium refers to this as advertizing hoc font encodings.[17] With the advent of mobile phones, mobile vendors such as Samsung and Huawei simply replaced the Unicode compliant system fonts with Zawgyi versions.[xiv]
Due to these advertizing hoc encodings, communications between users of Zawgyi and Unicode would return as garbled text. To go effectually this result, content producers would make posts in both Zawgyi and Unicode.[18] Myanmar government has designated 1 October 2019 as "U-Day" to officially switch to Unicode.[13] The full transition is estimated to take 2 years.[19]
African languages [edit]
In sure writing systems of Africa, unencoded text is unreadable. Texts that may produce mojibake include those from the Horn of Africa such as the Ge'ez script in Ethiopia and Eritrea, used for Amharic, Tigre, and other languages, and the Somali language, which employs the Osmanya alphabet. In Southern Africa, the Mwangwego alphabet is used to write languages of Malawi and the Mandombe alphabet was created for the Democratic republic of the congo, but these are not generally supported. Various other writing systems native to Due west Africa present like issues, such as the N'Ko alphabet, used for Manding languages in Guinea, and the Vai syllabary, used in Republic of liberia.
Arabic [edit]
Some other afflicted language is Arabic (encounter below). The text becomes unreadable when the encodings do not match.
Examples [edit]
| File encoding | Setting in browser | Upshot |
|---|---|---|
| Standard arabic case: |  (Universal Announcement of Homo Rights) | |
| Browser rendering: | الإعلان العالمى لحقوق الإنسان | |
| UTF-viii | Windows-1252 | الإعلان العالمى Ù„Øقوق الإنسان |
| KOI8-R | О╩©ь╖ы└ь╔ь╧ы└ь╖ы├ ь╖ы└ь╧ь╖ы└ы┘ы┴ ы└ь╜ы┌ы┬ы┌ ь╖ы└ь╔ы├ьЁь╖ы├ | |
| ISO 8859-5 | яЛПиЇй�иЅиЙй�иЇй� иЇй�иЙиЇй�й�й� й�ий�й�й� иЇй�иЅй�иГиЇй� | |
| CP 866 | я╗┐╪з┘Д╪е╪╣┘Д╪з┘Ж ╪з┘Д╪╣╪з┘Д┘Е┘Й ┘Д╪н┘В┘И┘В ╪з┘Д╪е┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж | |
| ISO 8859-6 | ُ؛؟ظ�ع�ظ�ظ�ع�ظ�ع� ظ�ع�ظ�ظ�ع�ع�ع� ع�ظع�ع�ع� ظ�ع�ظ�ع�ظ�ظ�ع� | |
| ISO 8859-2 | اŮ�ŘĽŘšŮ�اŮ� اŮ�ؚاŮ�Ů�Ů� Ů�ŘŮ�Ů�Ů� اŮ�ŘĽŮ�ساŮ� | |
| Windows-1256 | Windows-1252 | ÇáÅÚáÇä ÇáÚÇáãì áÍÞæÞ ÇáÅäÓÇä |
The examples in this commodity practice not have UTF-8 equally browser setting, because UTF-8 is easily recognisable, and so if a browser supports UTF-8 it should recognise information technology automatically, and not try to interpret something else equally UTF-eight.
See also [edit]
- Code point
- Replacement character
- Substitute grapheme
- Newline – The conventions for representing the line intermission differ between Windows and Unix systems. Though most software supports both conventions (which is trivial), software that must preserve or brandish the difference (e.thou. version command systems and data comparison tools) tin can go substantially more difficult to use if not adhering to one convention.
- Byte order marker – The about in-band manner to shop the encoding together with the data – prepend it. This is by intention invisible to humans using compliant software, but will by design exist perceived as "garbage characters" to incompliant software (including many interpreters).
- HTML entities – An encoding of special characters in HTML, mostly optional, but required for sure characters to escape interpretation as markup.
While failure to utilise this transformation is a vulnerability (come across cross-site scripting), applying it as well many times results in garbling of these characters. For example, the quotation mark
"becomes",","and and so on. - Bush hid the facts
References [edit]
- ^ a b King, Ritchie (2012). "Will unicode before long be the universal code? [The Data]". IEEE Spectrum. 49 (7): 60. doi:10.1109/MSPEC.2012.6221090.
- ^ WINDISCHMANN, Stephan (31 March 2004). "ringlet -5 linux.ars (Internationalization)". Ars Technica . Retrieved 5 Oct 2018.
- ^ "Guidelines for extended attributes". 2013-05-17. Retrieved 2015-02-15 .
- ^ "Unicode mailinglist on the Eudora e-mail client". 2001-05-thirteen. Retrieved 2014-xi-01 .
- ^ "sms-scam". June xviii, 2014. Retrieved June xix, 2014.
- ^ p. 141, Command + Alt + Delete: A Dictionary of Cyberslang, Jonathon Keats, Globe Pequot, 2007, ISBN 1-59921-039-8.
- ^ "Usage of Windows-1251 for websites".
- ^ "Declaring graphic symbol encodings in HTML".
- ^ "PRC GBK (XGB)". Microsoft. Archived from the original on 2002-x-01. Conversion map betwixt Code folio 936 and Unicode. Need manually selecting GB18030 or GBK in browser to view it correctly.
- ^ Cohen, Noam (June 25, 2007). "Some Errors Defy Fixes: A Typo in Wikipedia's Logo Fractures the Sanskrit". The New York Times . Retrieved July 17, 2009.
- ^ https://marathi.indiatyping.com/
- ^ "Content Moved (Windows)". Msdn.microsoft.com. Retrieved 2014-02-05 .
- ^ a b "Unicode in, Zawgyi out: Modernity finally catches upwardly in Myanmar'southward digital globe". The Japan Times. 27 September 2019. Retrieved 24 December 2019.
Oct. i is "U-Day", when Myanmar officially volition adopt the new system.... Microsoft and Apple helped other countries standardize years ago, but Western sanctions meant Myanmar lost out.
- ^ a b Hotchkiss, Griffin (March 23, 2016). "Battle of the fonts". Frontier Myanmar . Retrieved 24 Dec 2019.
With the release of Windows XP service pack ii, complex scripts were supported, which made it possible for Windows to render a Unicode-compliant Burmese font such as Myanmar1 (released in 2005). ... Myazedi, BIT, and subsequently Zawgyi, circumscribed the rendering problem past calculation extra code points that were reserved for Myanmar's indigenous languages. Not only does the re-mapping prevent future ethnic language back up, it also results in a typing system that can be confusing and inefficient, fifty-fifty for experienced users. ... Huawei and Samsung, the two most popular smartphone brands in Myanmar, are motivated but by capturing the largest marketplace share, which means they back up Zawgyi out of the box.
- ^ a b Sin, Thant (7 September 2019). "Unified nether one font system as Myanmar prepares to migrate from Zawgyi to Unicode". Rising Voices . Retrieved 24 Dec 2019.
Standard Myanmar Unicode fonts were never mainstreamed different the private and partially Unicode compliant Zawgyi font. ... Unicode will improve natural language processing
- ^ "Why Unicode is Needed". Google Code: Zawgyi Project . Retrieved 31 Oct 2013.
- ^ "Myanmar Scripts and Languages". Frequently Asked Questions. Unicode Consortium. Retrieved 24 Dec 2019.
"UTF-8" technically does non use to advertising hoc font encodings such as Zawgyi.
- ^ LaGrow, Nick; Pruzan, Miri (September 26, 2019). "Integrating autoconversion: Facebook'southward path from Zawgyi to Unicode - Facebook Technology". Facebook Applied science. Facebook. Retrieved 25 Dec 2019.
It makes advice on digital platforms hard, every bit content written in Unicode appears garbled to Zawgyi users and vice versa. ... In society to better reach their audiences, content producers in Myanmar frequently post in both Zawgyi and Unicode in a single post, not to mention English or other languages.
- ^ Saw Yi Nanda (21 November 2019). "Myanmar switch to Unicode to take two years: app developer". The Myanmar Times . Retrieved 24 December 2019.
External links [edit]
robinsonhispeciam1973.blogspot.com
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojibake
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